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The main division of audio connectors is between "professional" connectors and those used in the home and portable audio realms.
Professional audio connectors
XLR connectors
XLR connectors are used for microphones. They are with balanced cables that have a "hot," "cold," and "ground" signal.
Quarter inch phone plug
Depending on how the cable is build and the exact kind of connector used quarter inch phone plugs are used for balanced and unbalanced cables. They can also be used for mono or stereo signals. Two mono cables can be paired to provide a stereo cable.
Insert cables
Insert cables have one quarter inch connect on one end of the cable and two quarter inch connectors on the other end.
Home and portable audio connectors
RCA plug
RCA plugs are used for unbalanced mono signal. Often the cables are paired together.
Eighth inch phone plug
Used by portable devices such as MP3 players, phones, and tablets.